Nyatakan nomor

Kembali di tahun 60an, Perancis menciptakan acara permainan TV "Des Chiffres et des Lettres" (Digit & Letters). Tujuan bagian Digit adalah untuk sedekat mungkin dengan angka target 3 digit tertentu, menggunakan beberapa angka yang dipilih secara semi-acak. Para kontestan dapat menggunakan operator berikut:

• concatenation (1 dan 2 adalah 12)
• Selain itu (1 + 2 adalah 3)
• pengurangan (5 - 3 = 2)
• pembagian (8/2 = 4); pembagian hanya diperbolehkan jika hasilnya adalah bilangan alami
• perkalian (2 * 3 = 6)
• tanda kurung, untuk menimpa prioritas operasi yang biasa: 2 * (3 + 4) = 14

Setiap angka yang diberikan hanya dapat digunakan sekali atau tidak sama sekali.

Misalnya, nomor target 728 dapat dicocokkan persis dengan angka: 6, 10, 25, 75, 5 dan 50 dengan ekspresi berikut:

75 * 10 - ( ( 6 + 5 ) * ( 50 / 25 ) ) = 750 - ( 11 * 2 ) = 750 - 22 = 728

Dalam tantangan kode ini, Anda diberi tugas untuk menemukan ekspresi sedekat mungkin dengan nomor target tertentu. Karena kita hidup di abad ke-21, kita akan memperkenalkan angka target yang lebih besar dan angka yang lebih banyak untuk diajak bekerja sama daripada di tahun 60an.

Aturan

• Operator yang dibolehkan: concatenation, +, -, /, *, (dan)
• Operator gabungan tidak memiliki simbol. Baru saja menyatukan angkanya.
• Tidak ada "penggabungan terbalik". 69 adalah 69 dan tidak dapat dibagi menjadi 6 dan 9.
• Angka target adalah bilangan bulat positif dan memiliki maksimal 18 digit.
• Setidaknya ada dua angka untuk bekerja dan maksimal 99 angka. Angka-angka ini juga bilangan bulat positif dengan maksimum 18 digit.
• Mungkin (sebenarnya sangat mungkin) bahwa nomor target tidak dapat dinyatakan dalam hal jumlah dan operator. Tujuannya adalah untuk sedekat mungkin.
• Program harus selesai dalam waktu yang wajar (beberapa menit pada PC desktop modern).
• Celah standar berlaku.
• Program Anda mungkin tidak dioptimalkan untuk set tes di bagian "penilaian" dari teka-teki ini. Saya berhak mengubah set tes jika saya mencurigai ada orang yang melanggar aturan ini.
• Ini bukan codegolf.

Memasukkan

Input terdiri dari array angka yang dapat diformat dengan cara apa pun yang mudah. Angka pertama adalah nomor target. Sisa angka adalah angka yang harus Anda kerjakan untuk membentuk nomor target.

Keluaran

Persyaratan untuk output adalah:

• Ini harus berupa string yang terdiri dari:
  • subset dari nomor input (kecuali nomor target)
  • sejumlah operator
• Saya lebih suka output menjadi satu baris tanpa spasi, tetapi jika Anda harus, Anda dapat menambahkan spasi dan baris baru yang Anda inginkan. Mereka akan diabaikan dalam program pengendalian.
• Outputnya harus berupa ekspresi matematika yang valid.

Contohnya

Agar mudah dibaca, semua contoh ini memiliki solusi yang tepat dan setiap nomor input digunakan tepat satu kali.

Input: 1515483, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1
Output:111*111*(111+11+1)

Input: 153135, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Output:123*(456+789)

Input: 8888888888, 9, 9, 9, 99, 99, 99, 999, 999, 999, 9999, 9999, 9999, 99999, 99999, 99999, 1
Output:9*99*999*9999-9999999-999999-99999-99999-99999-9999-999-9-1

Input: 207901, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0
Output:1+2*(3+4)*(5+6)*(7+8)*90

Input: 34943, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 Output: 1+2*(3+4*(5+6*(7+8*90))) Tetapi juga output yang valid adalah:34957-6-8

Mencetak gol

Skor penalti suatu program adalah jumlah kesalahan relatif dari ekspresi untuk testset di bawah ini.

Misalnya, jika nilai target adalah 125 dan ekspresi Anda memberi 120, skor penalti Anda abs (1 - 120/125) = 0,04.

Program dengan yang terendah skor (termurah jumlah relatif error) menang. Jika dua program selesai sama, pengajuan pertama menang.

Akhirnya, testset (8 kasus):

14142, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15
48077691, 6, 9, 66, 69, 666, 669, 696, 699, 966, 969, 996, 999
333723173, 3, 3, 3, 33, 333, 3333, 33333, 333333, 3333333, 33333333, 333333333
589637567, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5
8067171096, 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97, 101, 103, 107, 109, 113, 127, 131, 137, 139, 149, 151, 157, 163, 167, 173, 179, 181, 191, 193, 197, 199
78649377055, 0, 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, 42, 56, 72, 90, 110, 132, 156, 182, 210, 240, 272, 306, 342, 380, 420, 462, 506, 552, 600, 650, 702, 756, 812, 870, 930, 992
792787123866, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, 514229, 832040, 1346269, 2178309, 3524578, 5702887, 9227465, 14930352, 24157817, 39088169
2423473942768, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000, 20000, 50000, 100000, 2000000, 5000000, 10000000, 20000000, 50000000

Teka-teki serupa sebelumnya

Setelah membuat puzzle ini dan mempostingnya di kotak pasir, saya melihat sesuatu yang serupa (tapi tidak sama!) Di dua teka-teki sebelumnya: di sini (tidak ada solusi) dan di sini . Teka-teki ini agak berbeda, karena memperkenalkan operator gabungan, saya tidak mencari dan mencocokkan secara tepat dan saya suka melihat strategi untuk mendekati solusi tanpa kekerasan. Saya pikir ini menantang.

C ++ 17, skor 0,0086

Program ini memiliki skor penalti non-deterministik karena balapan thread, jadi saya mendeklarasikan berdasarkan rata-rata tiga run, masing-masing menangani test suite dalam waktu kurang dari satu menit:

score 0.000071 for 14(11*13) = 14143
score 0.000019 for (696699+66)*69 = 48076785
score 0.000069 for 333333+333333333+33333 = 333699999
score 0.000975 for 5(1((((555555255-1-1-4-5-5-5-5-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-5-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-3-5)/2*3/2-2)/2*3+2+1+1+1+1-1-1)/2*2/2/2/2)/2) = 589062470
score 0.000462 for (((199181197*41-193-191-179-173-167-163-157-151-149-139-137-131-127-113-109-107-103-101-97-89-83-79-73-71-67-61-59-53-47-43-17-3)/5*7+23)/2/11*13+19)/31*37 = 8063447296
score 0.000118 for (992930870*72+812+756+702+650+600+552+506+462+420+380+342-42-56-182-12-210-156-90-20-272-30-6-306)/240*132*2 = 78640130184
score 0.000512 for (((317811*832040*3-39088169-24157817-14930352-9227465-5702887-2178309-1346269-3524578-514229-196418-121393-17711-233-75025-46368-89-28657-4181-10946-6765-34-987-2584-13-610-8-1)/2-377-144)/5-1597)1 = 793193194211
score 0.005725 for 2(20((120000000*20000+50000000+10000000+5000000+2000000+100000+50000+10000+5000+2000-500-1000)/50)/5)+200+100+10 = 2409600268972
total score = .007951

real    0m57.876s
user    4m24.396s
sys     0m0.684s

score 0.000071 for 14(11*13) = 14143
score 0.000019 for (696699+66)*69 = 48076785
score 0.000069 for 333333+333333333+33333 = 333699999
score 0.001675 for (3((((((((555555455+5+5+5+5-1-1-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-1-4-4-4-4-5-3-3-3-3-3-4)/2*3/2-1)*2+5)/3*3+3)/2-3-3)/2*3/2*2+2)/2*2/2*3+2+1)/5/2)-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-1-2)/2*3 = 590624943
score 0.000973 for ((199181197*41-193-191-179-173-167-163-157-151-149-139-137-131-127-113-107-101-59-97-79-3-71-67-83-2-47-37-73-89-103-19-11-29)/5*7+109-23)/61*43 = 8059325224
score 0.000118 for ((992930870*72+812+756+702+650+600+552+506+462+420+380+342+306+272+240+210+182-0-56-110-20-90)/2-42-156)/30*132/12*6 = 78640132296
score 0.000512 for (((317811*832040*3-39088169-24157817-14930352-9227465-5702887-3524578-514229-196418-2178309-1346269-121393-75025-28657-10946-233-46368-89-17711-2584-6765-610-4181-34-987-55-1)/2-8-144-377)/5-1597)1 = 793193194161
score 0.004734 for 2(20((120000000*20000+50000000+10000000+5000000+2000000+100000+50000+10000+5000+2000-100-1000-500)/200*50/10)/5) = 2412000335827
total score = .008171

real    0m45.636s
user    3m30.272s
sys     0m0.720s

score 0.000071 for 14(11*13) = 14143
score 0.000019 for (696699+66)*69 = 48076785
score 0.000069 for 333333+333333333+33333 = 333699999
score 0.002963 for 1(((((((555555555+5+5+5+5+5+5+4+4+4+4-1-2-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-4-3-3-3-3)/2*3+3+2)/2*2+3+3)/2*2/2/2*3+3)/2-3-3)*3/2-1-3)/2*3/2/2)/2 = 587890622
score 0.000069 for ((((199181197*41-193-191-179-173-167-163-157-151-149-139-137-131-127-113-109-107-103-101-97-89-83-79-73-71-67-61-59-53-47-43-37-11)/7)2+3)/23*17-13-5)/31*29 = 8066615553
score 0.000118 for ((992930870*72+812+756+702+650+600+552+506+462+420+380-0-6-90-56-42-272-182-110-210-342-30-306)*2+12)/240*132 = 78640129524
score 0.000512 for (((317811*832040*3-39088169-24157817-14930352-9227465-5702887-2178309-1346269-3524578-514229-196418-121393-75025-46368-28657-144-55-17711-2584-10946-4181-6765-21-610-987-377-8-1)/2-89-13)/5-233-1597)1 = 793193192491
score 0.005725 for 2(20((120000000*20000+50000000+10000000+5000000+2000000+100000+50000+10000+5000+2000-500-1000)/50)/5)+200+100+10 = 2409600268972
total score = .009546

real    0m57.289s
user    4m19.488s
sys     0m0.708s

Inilah programnya; Penjelasan diberikan dalam komentar. Anda dapat menetapkan CONCAT_NONEaturan Countdown tradisional yang tidak mengizinkan penggabungan, atau CONCAT_DIGITSuntuk memungkinkan penyatuan nilai input, tetapi tidak untuk hasil antara. Secara default, tanpa salah satu dari keduanya, aturan yang paling liberal digunakan.

#include <omp.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <memory>
#include <set>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

// We apply some principles to help us arrive at a good enough solution
// in a reasonable time:

// 1. Ruthlessly prune duplicate expressions from the candidate
//    list.  If we've seen a+b, then there's no need to consider
//    b+a.  Similarly, having seen (a+b)+c, then (a+c)+b can be
//    discounted.
// 2. Detect duplicates by storing batches of part-processed results
//    in sets before sending to the next pass.
// 3. Sort our candidates so that those containing a term near to the
//    target are first in line for further processing.
// 4. Gradually widen our acceptance margin as we proceed.  This
//    allows us to terminate quickly without exhaustively searching
//    the full problem space.
// 5. Parallelize the generation of candidate solutions using OpenMP.

// Define precedence values for our operators, so that we can print
// with the minimum sufficient parentheses.  The values are grouped
// into tens so that add/10 == subtract/10 and mult/10 == divide/10 -
// the operators use that for avoiding duplicate expressions.
static const int PREC_ADD = 26;
static const int PREC_SUBTRACT = 24;
static const int PREC_MULT = 16;
static const int PREC_DIVIDE = 14;
static const int PREC_CONCAT = 2;
static const int PREC_LITERAL = 0;

static const int PREC_MAX = 1000;

class LiteralTerm;

struct Term
{
    long value;
    int precedence;

    Term(long value, int precedence)
        : value(value), precedence(precedence)
    {}
    Term(const Term&) = default;
    virtual ~Term() = default;

    virtual std::string to_string(int p = PREC_MAX) const = 0;
    virtual LiteralTerm as_literal() const = 0;

    long distance(long target) const { return std::abs(value - target); }

    // We sort large values first, in the hope that this will approach
    // the target faster.
    bool operator<(const Term& o) const { return value > o.value; }
};


// We have two kinds of Term: a LiteralTerm is a leaf node of the
// expression tree, and a BinaryTerm is an internal node.
struct Operator;

class LiteralTerm : public Term
{
    std::string s;
public:
    LiteralTerm(std::string s) : Term(std::stol(s), 0), s(s) {}
    LiteralTerm(std::string s, long value) : Term(value, 0), s(s) {}
    std::string to_string(int = PREC_MAX) const override { return s; }
    LiteralTerm as_literal() const override { return *this; }
};

struct BinaryTerm : public Term
{
    Operator const *op;

    std::shared_ptr<const Term> a;
    std::shared_ptr<const Term> b;

    BinaryTerm(long value, const Operator* op, std::shared_ptr<const Term> a, std::shared_ptr<const Term> b);
    BinaryTerm(const BinaryTerm&) = default;
    BinaryTerm& operator=(const BinaryTerm&) = default;

    std::string to_string(int p = PREC_MAX) const;

    LiteralTerm as_literal() const override { return { to_string(), value }; }
};

struct TermList {
    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> terms;
    std::vector<long> values;
    long target_value;
    long badness;

    TermList(std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> terms, long target_value)
        : terms(std::move(terms)),
          values(),
          target_value(target_value),
          badness(min_badness(this->terms, target_value))
    {
        values.reserve(terms.size());
        std::transform(terms.begin(), terms.end(),
                       std::back_inserter(values), [](auto t) { return t->value; });
        // Literals that begin with "0" need to be distinct from (but
        // adjacent to) equivalent non-literals.  Append a negative
        // value for each term with leading zeros.  There's an edge
        // case involving multiple leading zeros, but we'll ignore
        // that.
        for (const auto& v: terms)
            if (v->precedence <= PREC_CONCAT && v->value > 0 && v->to_string()[0] == '0')
                values.push_back(-v->value);
    }

    // Sort according to the term that's nearest to the target.
    bool operator<(const TermList& o) const
    {
        return std::make_tuple(std::cref(badness),   std::cref(values))
            <  std::make_tuple(std::cref(o.badness), std::cref(o.values));
    }

private:
    static long min_badness(const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>>& t, long target_value)
    {
        auto less_bad = [target_value](const auto& a, const auto&b)
            { return a->distance(target_value) < b->distance(target_value); };
        auto const& e = *std::min_element(t.begin(), t.end(), less_bad);
        return std::abs(e->value - target_value);
    }
};

using Set = std::set<TermList>;

// Detect duplicate expressions.  This will discount "3+2-3", "8*5*2/3/5"
// and similar expressions that contain simple pairs of inverse operands.
static bool contains_value(const Term& t, int precedence, long value)
{
    auto *const b = dynamic_cast<const BinaryTerm*>(&t);
    if (t.precedence == precedence)
        return t.value == value
            || b && b->b->value < value
            || b && contains_value(*b->a, precedence, value)
            || b && contains_value(*b->b, precedence, value);
    if (t.precedence/10 == precedence/10)
        // Advance through the subtractions to inspect the additions
        // (or through the divides to inspect the multiplications).
        return b && contains_value(*b->a, precedence, value);
    return false;
}

// An Operator is a factory producing binary terms of a given type,
// and for printing those terms.  Here's the abstract base class.
struct Operator
{
    using TermPointer = std::shared_ptr<const Term>;
    using BinaryTermPointer = std::shared_ptr<const BinaryTerm>;

    int const precedence;
    std::string const joiner;

    virtual std::string to_string(const Term &a, const Term &b) const {
        return a.to_string(precedence) + joiner + b.to_string(precedence);
    }

    virtual BinaryTermPointer make_term(TermPointer a, TermPointer b) const {
        long r = evaluate(*a, *b);
        return r ? std::make_shared<BinaryTerm>(r, this, a, b) : BinaryTermPointer();
    }

    virtual ~Operator() = default;

protected:
    Operator(int precedence, std::string joiner) : precedence(precedence), joiner(joiner) {}

    virtual long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const = 0;
};

// Now we define a subclass for each permitted operator
struct AddOperator : Operator
{
    AddOperator() : Operator(PREC_ADD, "+") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        const auto *d = dynamic_cast<const BinaryTerm*>(&a);
        long r;
        return b.precedence/10 != PREC_ADD/10
            && a.precedence != PREC_SUBTRACT
            && b.value > 0
            && ! (d && d->precedence == this->precedence && d->b->value < b.value)
            && !__builtin_add_overflow(a.value, b.value, &r)
            ? r : 0;
    }
};
struct SubtractOperator : Operator
{
    SubtractOperator() : Operator(PREC_SUBTRACT, "-") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        return b.precedence < PREC_SUBTRACT
            && a.value > b.value
            && !contains_value(a, PREC_ADD, b.value)
            ? a.value - b.value : 0;
    }
};
struct MultiplyOperator : Operator
{
    MultiplyOperator() : Operator(PREC_MULT, "*") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        const auto *d = dynamic_cast<const BinaryTerm*>(&a);
        long r;
        return b.precedence/10 != PREC_MULT/10
            && b.value > 1
            && (b.value > 2 || a.value > 2)
            && ! (d && d->precedence == this->precedence && d->b->value < b.value)
            && !__builtin_mul_overflow(a.value, b.value, &r)
            ? r : 0;
    }
};
struct DivideOperator : Operator
{
    DivideOperator() : Operator(PREC_DIVIDE, "/") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
        return b.precedence/10 != PREC_DIVIDE/10 && b.value > 1
            && a.value % b.value == 0
            && !contains_value(a, PREC_MULT, b.value)
            ? a.value / b.value : 0;
    }
};

struct ConcatOperator : Operator
{
    ConcatOperator() : Operator(PREC_CONCAT, "") {}

    long evaluate(const Term& a, const Term& b) const override
    {
#ifdef CONCAT_DIGITS
        if (a.precedence > PREC_CONCAT || a.value == 0 || b.precedence >= PREC_CONCAT)
            return 0;
#else  // CONCAT_FULL
        if (b.precedence == PREC_CONCAT || a.value == 0)
            return 0;
#endif
        long bv = b.value, av = a.value, x = 1, r;
        if (b.precedence > PREC_CONCAT) while (x <= bv) x*= 10;
        else { int d = b.to_string().length(); while (d--) x*= 10; }
        return __builtin_mul_overflow(av, x, &r) || __builtin_add_overflow(r, bv, &r) ? 0 : r;
    }
};
struct ReverseConcatOperator : ConcatOperator
{
    BinaryTermPointer make_term(TermPointer a, TermPointer b) const override
    {
        return ConcatOperator::make_term(b, a);
    }
};

static const std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Operator>> ops{
#ifndef CONCAT_NONE
        std::make_shared<ConcatOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<ReverseConcatOperator>(),
#endif
        std::make_shared<MultiplyOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<AddOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<SubtractOperator>(),
        std::make_shared<DivideOperator>(),
};


// Implement the BinaryTerm members that use Operator
BinaryTerm::BinaryTerm(long value, const Operator* op, std::shared_ptr<const Term> a, std::shared_ptr<const Term> b)
    : Term(value, op->precedence), op(op), a(std::move(a)), b(std::move(b))
{}

std::string BinaryTerm::to_string(int p) const
{
    auto const s = op->to_string(*a, *b);
    return (p/10) < (precedence/10) ? "("+s+")" : s;
}


// An object to represent our target value, and how close we have
// reached so far.
struct Target
{
    const long value;
    double max_badness = 0;

    LiteralTerm best = {"0"};
    long best_badness = value;

    bool done() const { return best_badness < max_badness; }
    double score() const { return 1.*best_badness/value; }

    void update(const Term& t)
    {
        auto badness = std::abs(t.value - value);
        if (badness < best_badness) {
            best = t.as_literal();
            best_badness = badness;
        }
    }

    void update(const TermList& terms)
    {
        for (auto t: terms.terms)
            update(*t);
    }

    void increase_threshold(size_t items_seen)
    {
        // Adjust our acceptance threshold nearer to accepting 0 by
        // 0.01% for every million values seen.
        max_badness += (value - max_badness) * .0001 * std::exp(items_seen / 1000000);
    }
};

// OpenMP reduction for sets
auto merge(auto& a, auto& b)
{
    auto it = a.begin();
    for (auto&& e: b)
        it = a.insert(std::move(e)).first;
    return a;
}
#pragma omp declare reduction(merge: Set: merge<Set>(omp_out, omp_in) ) \
    initializer(omp_priv = Set())


// We run a cascade of pair-wise combination steps, where for each
// input TermList, we generate every possible allowed pairing of its
// terms, and pass that through (in batches) to the next stage.
struct Combiner
{
    std::unique_ptr<Combiner> const next;
    Target& target;
    size_t const max_output_size;
    size_t const nterms;

    Set input = {};
    size_t output_size = 0;

    Combiner(Target& target, size_t nterms, size_t max_output_size)
        : next(nterms > 0 ? std::make_unique<Combiner>(target, nterms-1, max_output_size) : nullptr),
          target(target),
          max_output_size(max_output_size),
          nterms(nterms)
    {}

    inline void insert(const TermList&& t)
    {
        target.update(t);
        if (target.done()) return;
        if (next) {
            if (input.insert(t).second)
                output_size += count_distinct_pairs(t);
            if (output_size >= max_output_size)
                process_input();
        }
    }

    void finish()
    {
        process_input();
        if (next)
            next->finish();
    }

private:
    // Here's where we do the real work - generating and sifting the
    // combined terms for the next pass.
    void process_input()
    {
        if (target.done()) {
            return;
        }

        if (!next)
            return;

        // Move the elements into a vector, so we can parallelize the
        // for-loop.
        auto in = std::vector<Set::value_type>();
        in.reserve(input.size());
        std::move(input.begin(), input.end(), std::back_inserter(in));
        input.clear();
        output_size = 0;

        auto out = Set();

#pragma omp parallel reduction(merge:out)
        {
#pragma omp for
            for (auto it = in.begin();  it < in.end();  ++it)
            {
                try {
                    const auto end = it->terms.cend();
                    for (auto i = it->terms.cbegin();  i != end;  i = std::upper_bound(i, end, *i))
                        for (auto j = i+1;  j != end;  j = std::upper_bound(j, end, *j)) {
                            for (const auto& op: ops) {
                                auto x = op->make_term(*i, *j);
                                if (x) out.insert(replace(*it, i, j, x));
                            }
                        }
                } catch (const std::bad_alloc&) {
                    // Ignore it; process what we've generated so far.
                }
            }
        }

        // Now we're in single-threaded code, we can pass the combined
        // results to the next combiner.
        for (auto& o: out)
            next->insert(std::move(o));

        target.increase_threshold(out.size());
    }


    // Helper methods used by the above

    // An upper bound on the possible number of output TermLists,
    // assuming every combination is valid.  If all n terms in the
    // input list are distinct, that's just ½n(n-1), but if values
    // are duplicated, we need to reduce n to the number of distinct
    // values, and then add in the cases where we pick two of the
    // same value.
    static int count_distinct_pairs(const TermList& terms)
    {
        int distinct = 0, duplicated = 0;
        auto it = terms.terms.begin(),
            end = terms.terms.end();
        while (it != end) {
            ++distinct;
            auto const& v = (*it)->value;
            if (++it == end || (*it)->value != v) continue;
            ++duplicated;
            while (++it != end && (*it)->value == v)
                ;
        }
        return distinct * (distinct - 1) / 2 + duplicated;
    }

    // Create a new TermList from o by replacing elements i and j with
    // newly-created term n.
    static TermList replace(const TermList& o, auto i, auto j, std::shared_ptr<const Term> n)
    {
        std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> r;
        r.reserve(o.terms.size() - 1);
        auto added = false;
        for (auto k = o.terms.begin();  k != o.terms.end();  ++k) {
            if (!added && (*k)->value < n->value) { r.push_back(n); added = true; }
            if (k != i && k != j) r.push_back(*k);
        }
        if (!added) r.push_back(n);
        return { r, o.target_value };
    }
};


#include <iostream>
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const Term& t)
{
    return o << t.to_string()<< " = " << t.value;
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& o, const TermList& t)
{
    auto *sep = "";
    o << "[" << t.badness << "] ";
    for (auto const& x: t.terms)
        o << sep << *x, sep = ", ";
    return o;
}

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    if (argc < 3) {
        std::cerr << "Usage: " << argv[0] << " target term ...";
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    auto target = Target{std::stol(*++argv)};

    std::vector<std::shared_ptr<const Term>> terms;
    while (*++argv) {
        auto t = std::make_shared<LiteralTerm>(*argv);
        target.update(*t);
        terms.push_back(t);
    }
    std::sort(terms.begin(), terms.end());

    // Construct the sieve
    Combiner search{target, terms.size(), 2500000/terms.size() + 1}; // tunable - max set size
    search.insert({terms, target.value});
    search.finish();

    std::cout << "score " << std::fixed << target.score() << " for " << target.best << std::endl;
}

Saya mengkompilasi ini menggunakan GCC 6.2, menggunakan g++ -std=c++17 -fopenmp -march=native -O3(bersama dengan beberapa opsi debugging dan peringatan).

Python 2.7. Nilai: 1,67039106

Jadi, saya memutuskan untuk melemparkannya sendiri. Tidak ada yang terlalu mewah. Program ini mengurutkan angka dalam urutan terbalik (besar ke kecil), dan mencoba semua operator secara berurutan pada angka-angka tersebut. Sangat cepat, tetapi kinerja yang layak digantikan.

Inilah programnya:

import sys

def score(current,target):
    return abs(1.0-current/float(target))

# Process input and init variables
targetvalue=int(sys.argv[1].strip(','))
numbers=[int(a.strip(',')) for a in sys.argv[2:]]
numbers.sort(reverse=True)
expression='('+str(numbers[0])+')'
currentvalue=nextvalue=testvalue=numbers[0]

# Loop over all values (except the first one)
for value in numbers[1:]:
    # Set multiplication as the reference operator...
    testvalue=currentvalue*value
    minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
    operator="*"
    nextvalue=testvalue

    # then try division (only if result is integer and not divided by zero)...
    if value!=0 and currentvalue%value==0:
        testvalue=currentvalue/value
        if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
            operator="/"
            minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
            nextvalue=testvalue

    # and addition...
    testvalue=currentvalue+value
    if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
        operator="+"
        minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
        nextvalue=testvalue

    # and subtraction...
    testvalue=currentvalue-value
    if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
        operator="-"
        minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
        nextvalue=testvalue

    # and concatenation
    testvalue=int(str(currentvalue)+str(value))
    if score(testvalue,targetvalue)<minscore:
        operator=""
        minscore=score(testvalue,targetvalue)
        nextvalue=testvalue

    # finally check if any operator improces the score. If so, append to the expression
    if score(nextvalue,targetvalue)<score(currentvalue,targetvalue):
        expression='('+expression+operator+str(value)+')'
        currentvalue=nextvalue

print(expression)

Output untuk semua kasus uji adalah:

((((((15)14)*13)-12)-11)-10)
((((((((((((999)996)+969)+966)+699)+696)+669)+666)*69)-66)-9)-6)
(((((((((333333333)+333333)+33333)+3333)+333)+33)+3)+3)+3)
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((5)5)5)5)5)5)5)5)5)+5)+5)+5)+5)+5)+5)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+4)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+3)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+2)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)+1)
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((199)197)193)+191)+181)+179)+173)+167)+163)+157)+151)+149)+139)+137)+131)+127)+113)+109)+107)+103)+101)+97)+89)+83)*79)-73)-71)-67)-61)-59)-53)-47)-43)-41)-37)-31)-29)-23)-19)-17)-13)-11)-7)-5)-3)/2)
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((992)930)870)+812)+756)+702)+650)+600)+552)+506)+462)+420)+380)+342)+306)+272)+240)+210)+182)*156)-132)-110)-90)-72)-56)-42)-30)/20)*12)-6)-2)
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((39088169)+24157817)+14930352)+9227465)+5702887)+3524578)+2178309)+1346269)+832040)+514229)+317811)+196418)+121393)+75025)+46368)+28657)+17711)*10946)-6765)-4181)-2584)-1597)-987)-610)-377)-233)-144)-89)-55)-34)-21)-13)-8)-5)-3)/2)+1)+1)
(((((((((((((((((((((50000000)+20000000)+10000000)+5000000)+2000000)+100000)*50000)-20000)-10000)-5000)-2000)-1000)-500)-200)-100)-50)-20)-10)/5)*2)+1)