Survei pemeriksa kebocoran memori otomatis
Dalam jawaban ini, saya membandingkan beberapa kebocoran kebocoran memori yang berbeda dalam contoh kebocoran memori yang mudah dimengerti.
Sebelum apa pun, lihat tabel besar ini di wiki ASan yang membandingkan semua alat yang diketahui oleh manusia: https://github.com/google/sanitizers/wiki/AddressSanitizerComparisonOfMemoryTools/d06210f759fec97066888e5f27c7e722832b0924
Contoh yang dianalisis adalah:
main.c
#include <stdlib.h>
void * my_malloc(size_t n) {
return malloc(n);
}
void leaky(size_t n, int do_leak) {
void *p = my_malloc(n);
if (!do_leak) {
free(p);
}
}
int main(void) {
leaky(0x10, 0);
leaky(0x10, 1);
leaky(0x100, 0);
leaky(0x100, 1);
leaky(0x1000, 0);
leaky(0x1000, 1);
}
GitHub hulu .
Kami akan mencoba melihat seberapa jelas alat yang berbeda mengarahkan kami ke panggilan yang bocor.
tcmalloc dari gperftools oleh Google
https://github.com/gperftools/gperftools
Penggunaan di Ubuntu 19.04:
sudo apt-get install google-perftools
gcc -ggdb3 -o main.out main.c -ltcmalloc
PPROF_PATH=/usr/bin/google-pprof \
HEAPCHECK=normal \
HEAPPROFILE=ble \
./main.out \
;
google-pprof main.out ble.0001.heap --text
Output dari program yang dijalankan berisi analisis kebocoran memori:
WARNING: Perftools heap leak checker is active -- Performance may suffer
Starting tracking the heap
Dumping heap profile to ble.0001.heap (Exiting, 4 kB in use)
Have memory regions w/o callers: might report false leaks
Leak check _main_ detected leaks of 272 bytes in 2 objects
The 2 largest leaks:
Using local file ./main.out.
Leak of 256 bytes in 1 objects allocated from:
@ 555bf6e5815d my_malloc
@ 555bf6e5817a leaky
@ 555bf6e581d3 main
@ 7f71e88c9b6b __libc_start_main
@ 555bf6e5808a _start
Leak of 16 bytes in 1 objects allocated from:
@ 555bf6e5815d my_malloc
@ 555bf6e5817a leaky
@ 555bf6e581b5 main
@ 7f71e88c9b6b __libc_start_main
@ 555bf6e5808a _start
If the preceding stack traces are not enough to find the leaks, try running THIS shell command:
pprof ./main.out "/tmp/main.out.24744._main_-end.heap" --inuse_objects --lines --heapcheck --edgefraction=1e-10 --nodefraction=1e-10 --gv
If you are still puzzled about why the leaks are there, try rerunning this program with HEAP_CHECK_TEST_POINTER_ALIGNMENT=1 and/or with HEAP_CHECK_MAX_POINTER_OFFSET=-1
If the leak report occurs in a small fraction of runs, try running with TCMALLOC_MAX_FREE_QUEUE_SIZE of few hundred MB or with TCMALLOC_RECLAIM_MEMORY=false, it might help find leaks more re
Exiting with error code (instead of crashing) because of whole-program memory leaks
dan output google-pprofberisi analisis penggunaan tumpukan:
Using local file main.out.
Using local file ble.0001.heap.
Total: 0.0 MB
0.0 100.0% 100.0% 0.0 100.0% my_malloc
0.0 0.0% 100.0% 0.0 100.0% __libc_start_main
0.0 0.0% 100.0% 0.0 100.0% _start
0.0 0.0% 100.0% 0.0 100.0% leaky
0.0 0.0% 100.0% 0.0 100.0% main
Output menunjukkan kita ke dua dari tiga kebocoran:
Leak of 256 bytes in 1 objects allocated from:
@ 555bf6e5815d my_malloc
@ 555bf6e5817a leaky
@ 555bf6e581d3 main
@ 7f71e88c9b6b __libc_start_main
@ 555bf6e5808a _start
Leak of 16 bytes in 1 objects allocated from:
@ 555bf6e5815d my_malloc
@ 555bf6e5817a leaky
@ 555bf6e581b5 main
@ 7f71e88c9b6b __libc_start_main
@ 555bf6e5808a _start
Saya tidak yakin mengapa yang ketiga tidak muncul
Bagaimanapun, ketika biasanya ketika sesuatu bocor, itu terjadi berkali-kali, dan ketika saya menggunakannya pada proyek nyata, saya akhirnya ditunjukkan ke fungsi bocor dengan sangat mudah.
Seperti yang disebutkan pada output itu sendiri, ini menyebabkan pelambatan eksekusi yang signifikan.
Dokumentasi lebih lanjut di:
Lihat juga: Cara Menggunakan TCMalloc?
Diuji di Ubuntu 19.04, google-perftools 2.5-2.
Address Sanitizer (ASan) juga oleh Google
https://github.com/google/sanitizers
Disebutkan sebelumnya di: Bagaimana menemukan kebocoran memori dalam suatu kode / proyek C ++? TODO vs tcmalloc.
Ini sudah terintegrasi ke dalam GCC, jadi Anda bisa melakukan:
gcc -fsanitize=address -ggdb3 -o main.out main.c
./main.out
dan output eksekusi:
=================================================================
==27223==ERROR: LeakSanitizer: detected memory leaks
Direct leak of 4096 byte(s) in 1 object(s) allocated from:
#0 0x7fabbefc5448 in malloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0x10c448)
#1 0x55bf86c5f17c in my_malloc /home/ciro/test/main.c:4
#2 0x55bf86c5f199 in leaky /home/ciro/test/main.c:8
#3 0x55bf86c5f210 in main /home/ciro/test/main.c:20
#4 0x7fabbecf4b6a in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x26b6a)
Direct leak of 256 byte(s) in 1 object(s) allocated from:
#0 0x7fabbefc5448 in malloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0x10c448)
#1 0x55bf86c5f17c in my_malloc /home/ciro/test/main.c:4
#2 0x55bf86c5f199 in leaky /home/ciro/test/main.c:8
#3 0x55bf86c5f1f2 in main /home/ciro/test/main.c:18
#4 0x7fabbecf4b6a in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x26b6a)
Direct leak of 16 byte(s) in 1 object(s) allocated from:
#0 0x7fabbefc5448 in malloc (/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libasan.so.5+0x10c448)
#1 0x55bf86c5f17c in my_malloc /home/ciro/test/main.c:4
#2 0x55bf86c5f199 in leaky /home/ciro/test/main.c:8
#3 0x55bf86c5f1d4 in main /home/ciro/test/main.c:16
#4 0x7fabbecf4b6a in __libc_start_main (/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6+0x26b6a)
SUMMARY: AddressSanitizer: 4368 byte(s) leaked in 3 allocation(s).
yang secara jelas mengidentifikasi semua kebocoran. Bagus!
ASan juga dapat melakukan pemeriksaan keren lainnya seperti menulis di luar batas: Penghancuran tumpukan terdeteksi
Diuji di Ubuntu 19.04, GCC 8.3.0.
Valgrind
http://www.valgrind.org/
Sebelumnya disebutkan di: https://stackoverflow.com/a/37661630/895245
Pemakaian:
sudo apt-get install valgrind
gcc -ggdb3 -o main.out main.c
valgrind --leak-check=yes ./main.out
Keluaran:
==32178== Memcheck, a memory error detector
==32178== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al.
==32178== Using Valgrind-3.14.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info
==32178== Command: ./main.out
==32178==
==32178==
==32178== HEAP SUMMARY:
==32178== in use at exit: 4,368 bytes in 3 blocks
==32178== total heap usage: 6 allocs, 3 frees, 8,736 bytes allocated
==32178==
==32178== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 3
==32178== at 0x483874F: malloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==32178== by 0x10915C: my_malloc (main.c:4)
==32178== by 0x109179: leaky (main.c:8)
==32178== by 0x1091B4: main (main.c:16)
==32178==
==32178== 256 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 2 of 3
==32178== at 0x483874F: malloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==32178== by 0x10915C: my_malloc (main.c:4)
==32178== by 0x109179: leaky (main.c:8)
==32178== by 0x1091D2: main (main.c:18)
==32178==
==32178== 4,096 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 3 of 3
==32178== at 0x483874F: malloc (in /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/valgrind/vgpreload_memcheck-amd64-linux.so)
==32178== by 0x10915C: my_malloc (main.c:4)
==32178== by 0x109179: leaky (main.c:8)
==32178== by 0x1091F0: main (main.c:20)
==32178==
==32178== LEAK SUMMARY:
==32178== definitely lost: 4,368 bytes in 3 blocks
==32178== indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==32178== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==32178== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==32178== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks
==32178==
==32178== For counts of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -v
==32178== ERROR SUMMARY: 3 errors from 3 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
Jadi sekali lagi, semua kebocoran terdeteksi.
Lihat juga: Bagaimana cara menggunakan valgrind untuk menemukan kebocoran memori?
Diuji di Ubuntu 19.04, valgrind 3.14.0.