Menghasilkan variabel acak dari campuran distribusi Normal

Bagaimana saya bisa mengambil sampel dari distribusi campuran, dan khususnya campuran distribusi normal R? Misalnya, jika saya ingin mengambil sampel dari:

bagaimana saya bisa melakukan itu?

Ini praktik yang baik untuk menghindari forloop Rkarena alasan kinerja. Solusi alternatif yang mengeksploitasi fakta rnormadalah vektor:

N <- 100000

components <- sample(1:3,prob=c(0.3,0.5,0.2),size=N,replace=TRUE)
mus <- c(0,10,3)
sds <- sqrt(c(1,1,0.1))

samples <- rnorm(n=N,mean=mus[components],sd=sds[components])

Secara umum, salah satu cara termudah untuk mengambil sampel dari distribusi campuran adalah sebagai berikut:

Langkah-langkah Algoritma

1) Hasilkan variabel acak $U\sim\text{Uniform}(0,1)$

$U\in\left[\sum_{i=1}^kp_{k},\sum_{i=1}^{k+1}p_{k+1}\right)$$p_{k}$$k^{th}$$k^{th}$

3) Ulangi langkah 1) dan 2) hingga Anda memiliki jumlah sampel yang diinginkan dari distribusi campuran

Sekarang menggunakan algoritma umum yang diberikan di atas, Anda dapat mengambil sampel dari contoh campuran normals Anda dengan menggunakan Rkode berikut :

#The number of samples from the mixture distribution
N = 100000                 

#Sample N random uniforms U
U =runif(N)

#Variable to store the samples from the mixture distribution                                             
rand.samples = rep(NA,N)

#Sampling from the mixture
for(i in 1:N){
    if(U[i]<.3){
        rand.samples[i] = rnorm(1,0,1)
    }else if(U[i]<.8){
        rand.samples[i] = rnorm(1,10,1)
    }else{
        rand.samples[i] = rnorm(1,3,.1)
    }
}

#Density plot of the random samples
plot(density(rand.samples),main="Density Estimate of the Mixture Model")

#Plotting the true density as a sanity check
x = seq(-20,20,.1)
truth = .3*dnorm(x,0,1) + .5*dnorm(x,10,1) + .2*dnorm(x,3,.1)
plot(density(rand.samples),main="Density Estimate of the Mixture Model",ylim=c(0,.2),lwd=2)
lines(x,truth,col="red",lwd=2)

legend("topleft",c("True Density","Estimated Density"),col=c("red","black"),lwd=2)

Yang menghasilkan:

dan sebagai cek kewarasan:

$k$R

set.seed(8)               # this makes the example reproducible
N     = 1000              # this is how many data you want
probs = c(.3,.8)          # these are *cumulative* probabilities; since they 
                          #   necessarily sum to 1, the last would be redundant
dists = runif(N)          # here I'm generating random variates from a uniform
                          #   to select the relevant distribution

# this is where the actual data are generated, it's just some if->then
#   statements, followed by the normal distributions you were interested in
data = vector(length=N)
for(i in 1:N){
  if(dists[i]<probs[1]){
    data[i] = rnorm(1, mean=0, sd=1)
  } else if(dists[i]<probs[2]){
    data[i] = rnorm(1, mean=10, sd=1)
  } else {
    data[i] = rnorm(1, mean=3, sd=.1)
  }
}

# here are a couple of ways of looking at the results
summary(data)
#    Min. 1st Qu.  Median    Mean 3rd Qu.    Max. 
# -3.2820  0.8443  3.1910  5.5350 10.0700 13.1600 

plot(density(data))

Sudah memberikan jawaban sempurna, jadi bagi mereka yang ingin mencapai ini dengan Python, inilah solusi saya:

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline

mu = [0, 10, 3]
sigma = [1, 1, 1]
p_i = [0.3, 0.5, 0.2]
n = 10000

x = []
for i in range(n):
    z_i = np.argmax(np.random.multinomial(1, p_i))
    x_i = np.random.normal(mu[z_i], sigma[z_i])
    x.append(x_i)

def univariate_normal(x, mean, variance):
    """pdf of the univariate normal distribution."""
    return ((1. / np.sqrt(2 * np.pi * variance)) * 
            np.exp(-(x - mean)**2 / (2 * variance)))

a = np.arange(-7, 18, 0.01)
y = p_i[0] * univariate_normal(a, mean=mu[0], variance=sigma[0]**2) + p_i[1] * univariate_normal(a, mean=mu[1], variance=sigma[0]**2)+ p_i[2] * univariate_normal(a, mean=mu[2], variance=sigma[0]**2)

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 4))

ax.hist(x, bins=100, density=True)
ax.plot(a, y)