Memvisualisasikan kombinasi 2 huruf

Jawaban untuk pertanyaan ini pada SO mengembalikan sekumpulan kurang lebih 125 nama satu hingga dua huruf: /programming/6979630/what-1-2-letter-object-names-conflict-with-existing -r-benda

  [1] "Ad" "am" "ar" "as" "bc" "bd" "bp" "br" "BR" "bs" "by" "c"  "C" 
 [14] "cc" "cd" "ch" "ci" "CJ" "ck" "Cl" "cm" "cn" "cq" "cs" "Cs" "cv"
 [27] "d"  "D"  "dc" "dd" "de" "df" "dg" "dn" "do" "ds" "dt" "e"  "E" 
 [40] "el" "ES" "F"  "FF" "fn" "gc" "gl" "go" "H"  "Hi" "hm" "I"  "ic"
 [53] "id" "ID" "if" "IJ" "Im" "In" "ip" "is" "J"  "lh" "ll" "lm" "lo"
 [66] "Lo" "ls" "lu" "m"  "MH" "mn" "ms" "N"  "nc" "nd" "nn" "ns" "on"
 [79] "Op" "P"  "pa" "pf" "pi" "Pi" "pm" "pp" "ps" "pt" "q"  "qf" "qq"
 [92] "qr" "qt" "r"  "Re" "rf" "rk" "rl" "rm" "rt" "s"  "sc" "sd" "SJ"
[105] "sn" "sp" "ss" "t"  "T"  "te" "tr" "ts" "tt" "tz" "ug" "UG" "UN"
[118] "V"  "VA" "Vd" "vi" "Vo" "w"  "W"  "y"

Dan kode impor R:

nms <- c("Ad","am","ar","as","bc","bd","bp","br","BR","bs","by","c","C","cc","cd","ch","ci","CJ","ck","Cl","cm","cn","cq","cs","Cs","cv","d","D","dc","dd","de","df","dg","dn","do","ds","dt","e","E","el","ES","F","FF","fn","gc","gl","go","H","Hi","hm","I","ic","id","ID","if","IJ","Im","In","ip","is","J","lh","ll","lm","lo","Lo","ls","lu","m","MH","mn","ms","N","nc","nd","nn","ns","on","Op","P","pa","pf","pi","Pi","pm","pp","ps","pt","q","qf","qq","qr","qt","r","Re","rf","rk","rl","rm","rt","s","sc","sd","SJ","sn","sp","ss","t","T","te","tr","ts","tt","tz","ug","UG","UN","V","VA","Vd","vi","Vo","w","W","y")

Karena inti pertanyaannya adalah membuat daftar nama objek yang mudah diingat untuk dihindari, dan sebagian besar manusia tidak begitu pandai dalam memahami blok teks yang solid, saya ingin memvisualisasikannya.

Sayangnya saya tidak yakin cara terbaik untuk melakukan ini. Saya telah memikirkan sesuatu seperti plot batang dan daun, hanya karena tidak ada nilai berulang setiap "daun" ditempatkan di kolom yang sesuai daripada dibenarkan dibiarkan. Atau adaptasi gaya kata-kata di mana huruf-huruf berukuran sesuai dengan prevalensinya.

Bagaimana ini bisa divisualisasikan dengan sangat jelas dan efisien?

Visualisasi yang melakukan salah satu dari yang berikut ini sesuai dengan semangat pertanyaan ini:

• Tujuan utama: Meningkatkan daya ingat himpunan nama dengan mengungkapkan pola dalam data

• Sasaran alternatif: Sorot fitur menarik dari rangkaian nama (mis. Yang membantu memvisualisasikan distribusi, huruf paling umum, dll.)

Jawaban dalam R lebih disukai, tetapi semua ide menarik dipersilakan.

Mengabaikan nama huruf tunggal diperbolehkan, karena itu lebih mudah untuk diberikan sebagai daftar terpisah.

Ini adalah permulaannya: bayangkan ini pada kisi-kisi huruf pertama dan kedua:

combi <- c("Ad", "am", "ar", "as", "bc", "bd", "bp", "br", "BR", "bs", 
"by", "c",  "C",  "cc", "cd", "ch", "ci", "CJ", "ck", "Cl", "cm", "cn", 
"cq", "cs", "Cs", "cv", "d",  "D",  "dc", "dd", "de", "df", "dg", "dn", 
"do", "ds", "dt", "e",  "E",  "el", "ES", "F",  "FF", "fn", "gc", "gl", 
"go", "H",  "Hi", "hm", "I",  "ic", "id", "ID", "if", "IJ", "Im", "In", 
"ip", "is", "J",  "lh", "ll", "lm", "lo", "Lo", "ls", "lu", "m",  "MH", 
"mn", "ms", "N",  "nc", "nd", "nn", "ns", "on", "Op", "P",  "pa", "pf", 
"pi", "Pi", "pm", "pp", "ps", "pt", "q",  "qf", "qq", "qr", "qt", "r",  
"Re", "rf", "rk", "rl", "rm", "rt", "s",  "sc", "sd", "SJ", "sn", "sp", 
"ss", "t",  "T",  "te", "tr", "ts", "tt", "tz", "ug", "UG", "UN", "V",  
"VA", "Vd", "vi", "Vo", "w",  "W",  "y")

df <- data.frame (first = factor (gsub ("^(.).", "\\1", combi), 
                                  levels = c (LETTERS, letters)),
                  second = factor (gsub ("^.", "", combi), 
                                  levels = c (LETTERS, letters)),
                  combi = combi))

library(ggplot2)
ggplot (data = df, aes (x = first, y = second)) + 
   geom_text (aes (label = combi), size = 3) + 
   ## geom_point () +
   geom_vline (x = 26.5, col = "grey") + 
   geom_hline (y = 26.5, col = "grey")

(tadinya :)

ggplot (data = df, aes (x = second)) + geom_histogram ()

ggplot (data = df, aes (x = first)) + geom_histogram ()

Aku mengumpulkan:

• dari satu nama surat,

  • untungnya i, j, k, dan ltersedia (jadi saya dapat mengindeks hingga array 4d)
  • sayangnya t(waktu), c(konsentrasi) hilang. Begitu juga m(massa), V(volume) dan F(kekuatan). Tidak ada radius ratau diameter d.
  • Saya dapat memiliki tekanan ( p), jumlah zat ( n), dan panjangnya l.

  • Mungkin saya harus mengubah ke nama-nama Yunani: εtidak apa-apa, tapi kemudian tidak

    π <- pi

    ?

• Saya dapat memiliki lowerUPPERnama apa pun yang saya inginkan.

• Secara umum, memulai dengan huruf besar adalah taruhan yang lebih aman daripada huruf kecil.

• jangan mulai dengan cataud

Ok, inilah saya sangat cepat mengambil visualisasi seperti "tabel periodik", berdasarkan pertanyaan SO dan komentar yang lain. Masalah utama adalah perbedaan besar dalam jumlah variabel antara paket, jenis yang menghalangi visualisasi ... Saya menyadari ini sangat kasar, jadi jangan ragu untuk mengubahnya sesuai keinginan.

Ini adalah keluaran saat ini (dari daftar paket saya)

Dan kodenya

# Load all the installed packages
lapply(rownames(installed.packages()), require, 
       character.only = TRUE)
# Find variables of length 1 or 2
one_or_two <- unique(apropos("^[a-zA-Z]{1,2}$"))
# Find which package they come from
packages <- lapply(one_or_two, find)
# Some of the variables may belong to multiple packages, so determine the length 
# of each entry in packages and duplicate the names accordingly
lengths <- unlist(lapply(packages, length))
var.data <- data.frame(var = rep(one_or_two, lengths), 
                   package = unlist(packages))

Sekarang, kami memiliki kerangka data seperti ini:

> head(var.data, 10)
   var           package
1   ar     package:stats
2   as   package:methods
3   BD    package:fields
4   bs      package:VGAM
5   bs   package:splines
6   by      package:base
7    c      package:base
8    C     package:stats
9   cm package:grDevices
10   D     package:stats

Kami sekarang dapat membagi data berdasarkan paket

 data.split <- split(var.data, var.data$package)

Kita dapat melihat bahwa sebagian besar variabel berasal dari paket basis dan statistik

> unlist(lapply(data.split, nrow))
     package:base  package:datasets    package:fields 
               16                 1                 2 
  package:ggplot2 package:grDevices  package:gWidgets 
                2                 1                 1 
  package:lattice      package:MASS    package:Matrix 
                1                 1                 3 
  package:methods      package:mgcv      package:plyr 
                3                 2                 1 
     package:spam   package:splines     package:stats 
                1                 2                14 
 package:survival     package:utils      package:VGAM 
                1                 2                 4 

Akhirnya, rutinitas menggambar

plot(0, 0, "n", xlim=c(0, 100), ylim=c(0, 120), 
     xaxt="n", yaxt="n", xlab="", ylab="")

side.len.x <- 100 / length(data.split)
side.len.y <- 100 / max(unlist(lapply(data.split, nrow)))
colors <- rainbow(length(data.split), start=0.2, end=0.6)    

for (xcnt in 1:length(data.split))
    {
    posx <- side.len.x * (xcnt-1)

    # Remove "package :" in front of the package name
    pkg <- unlist(strsplit(as.character(data.split[[xcnt]]$package[1]), ":"))
    pkg <- pkg[2]

    # Write the package name
    text(posx + side.len.x/2, 102, pkg, srt=90, cex=0.95, adj=c(0, 0))

    for (ycnt in 1:nrow(data.split[[xcnt]]))
        {
        posy <- side.len.y * (ycnt-1)
        rect(posx, posy, posx+side.len.x*0.85, posy+side.len.y*0.9, col = colors[xcnt])
        text(posx+side.len.x/2, posy+side.len.y/2, data.split[[xcnt]]$var[ycnt], cex=0.7)
        }
    }

Berikut histogram berbasis surat. Dianggap ukuran huruf pertama dengan nomor, tetapi memutuskan karena itu sudah dikodekan dalam komponen vertikal.

# "Load" data
nms <- c("Ad","am","ar","as","bc","bd","bp","br","BR","bs","by","c","C","cc","cd","ch","ci","CJ","ck","Cl","cm","cn","cq","cs","Cs","cv","d","D","dc","dd","de","df","dg","dn","do","ds","dt","e","E","el","ES","F","FF","fn","gc","gl","go","H","Hi","hm","I","ic","id","ID","if","IJ","Im","In","ip","is","J","lh","ll","lm","lo","Lo","ls","lu","m","MH","mn","ms","N","nc","nd","nn","ns","on","Op","P","pa","pf","pi","Pi","pm","pp","ps","pt","q","qf","qq","qr","qt","r","Re","rf","rk","rl","rm","rt","s","sc","sd","SJ","sn","sp","ss","t","T","te","tr","ts","tt","tz","ug","UG","UN","V","VA","Vd","vi","Vo","w","W","y") #all names
two_in_base <- c("ar", "as", "by", "cm", "de", "df", "dt", "el", "gc", "gl", "if", "Im", "is", "lh", "lm", "ls", "pf", "pi", "pt", "qf", "qr", "qt", "Re", "rf", "rm", "rt", "sd", "ts", "vi") # 2-letter names in base R
vowels <- c("a","e","i","o","u")
vowels <- c( vowels, toupper(vowels) )

# Constants
yoffset.singles <- 3

# Define a function to give us consistent X coordinates
returnX <- function(vec) {
  sapply(vec, function(x) seq(length(all.letters))[ x == all.letters ] )
}

# Make df of 2-letter names
combi <- nms[ sapply( nms, function(x) nchar(x)==2 ) ]
combidf <- data.frame( first = substr(combi,1,1), second=substr(combi,2,2) )
library(plyr)
combidf <- arrange(combidf,first,second)

# Add vowels
combidf$first.vwl <- (combidf$first %in% vowels)
combidf$second.vwl <- (combidf$second %in% vowels)

# Flag items only in base R
combidf$in_base <- paste(combidf$first,combidf$second,sep="") %in% two_in_base

# Create a data.frame to hold our plotting information for the first letters
combilist <- dlply(combidf,.(first),function(x) x$second)
combi.first <- data.frame( first = names(combilist), n = sapply(combilist,length) ,stringsAsFactors=FALSE )
combi.first$y <- 0
all.letters <-  c(letters,LETTERS) # arrange(combi.first,desc(n))$first to go in order of prevalence (which may break the one-letter name display)
combi.first$x <- returnX( combi.first$first )

# Create a data.frame to hold plotting information for the second letters
combidf$x <- returnX( combidf$first )
combidf$y <- unlist( by( combidf$second, combidf$first, seq_along ) )

# Make df of 1-letter names
sngldf <- data.frame( sngl = nms[ sapply( nms, function(x) nchar(x)==1 ) ] )
singles.y <- max(combidf$y) + yoffset.singles
sngldf$y <- singles.y
sngldf$x <- returnX( sngldf$sngl )

# Plot
library(ggplot2)
ggplot(data=combidf, aes(x=x,y=y) ) +
  geom_text(aes( label=second, size=3, colour=combidf$in_base ), position=position_jitter(w=0,h=.25)) +
  geom_text( data=combi.first, aes( label=first, x=x, y=y, size=4 ) ) +
  geom_text( data=sngldf, aes( label=sngl, x=x, y=y, size=4 ) ) +
  scale_size(name="Order (2-letter names)",limits=c(1,4),breaks=c(1,2),labels=c("Second","First")) +
  scale_x_continuous("",breaks=c(13,39),labels=c("lower","UPPER")) +
  scale_y_continuous("",breaks=c(0,5,singles.y),labels=c("First letter of two-letter names","Second letter of two-letter names","One-letter names") ) +
  coord_equal(1.5) +
  labs( colour="In base R" )

Tabel Periodik untuk 100, Alex. Saya tidak punya kode untuk itu. :(

Orang mungkin berpikir bahwa paket "tabel periodik" mungkin sudah ada di CRAN. Gagasan skema pewarnaan dan tata letak data tersebut bisa menarik dan bermanfaat.

Ini bisa diwarnai oleh paket dan diurutkan secara vertikal berdasarkan frekuensi, misalnya dalam sampel kode pada CRAN atau seperti yang muncul dalam basis kode lokal seseorang.

Dua halaman pertama dalam bab 2 dari ITILA MacKay memiliki diagram yang bagus yang menunjukkan probabilitas kondisional dari semua pasangan karakter dalam bahasa Inggris. Anda mungkin menemukannya berguna.

Saya malu mengatakan bahwa saya tidak ingat program apa yang digunakan untuk memproduksinya.